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Master Title

THE ACOUNTING ANALYSIS TO THE TAX ALLOWANCE'S EFEECT UPON THE INVESTMENT'S DEVELOPMENT IN EGYPT

Master Abstract

The main objective of the existing research is to analyses and evaluate the effect of the Egyptian tax legislation's tax allowances, and to arrive at measuring the main results achieved regarding these effects upon investments and upon the whole economy , after considering these allowances , further studies were considered aiming the charification of the main problems , suffering from , within the current application , suggested . According to above , the work of this study was divided to four sections . In section one , a discussion to the role of tax allowances was taken place . Section two dealt with the Accounting analysis to the economic effects of tax allowances up on investment .further analysis to the tax allowances polices was performed in section three . and finally in section four , a study of effectiveness and efficiency of the Egyption law of tax allowances , regarding their effects upon investment development , was done .

PHD Title

Suggested Framework to the Accounting For Intellectual Property (Theoretical and Application Studying )

PHD Abstract

The Problem Nature : The recognition of the rights attached to some forms of intellectual property is a contested domain in legal frameworks, such as the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement. The same can be said of economic frameworks, such as accounting which attempt to recognize and value intellectual property for the purposes of providing information for decision making. In this research the researcher explore the discourse of accounting in the recognition of intellectual property as an asset according to the new Egyptian and International Accounting Standards then contrast the legal and accounting discourses in which intellectual property rights are acknowledged, concluding that these discourses are not necessarily aligned. The effects and implication of the development of a global regime for accounting for intangibles may eventually harmonies the accounting treatment for intellectual property but does not resolve the contentious issue of the inconsistencies in the recognition of intellectual property rights under different frameworks and the implications for economic decision making . The knowledge gap referred to above is a term that attempts of highlight the contestable nature of intangibles such as intellectual property (IP) and the rights attached to them. This paper demonstrates that this gap also exists between the economic framework of accounting, which attempts to recognize intangibles as assets, and legal frameworks that recognize intellectual property rights (IPR). This lack of consensus creates significant challenges for companies operating in a global environment. Accounting, as with the legal environment, has entered into the global arena thro9ugh the introduction of an international suite of accounting standards for financial reporting in domestic regimes. Whilst legal regimes seek to define IP as an intangible with particular qualitative characteristics such as inventiveness and novelty, accounting regimes seek to measure and quantify according to the economic benefit that the intangible will accrue to an entity and subsequently capital providers. In accounting, expenditure on items of an intellectual property nature can be recognized as an asset if certain criteria are met. Assets are defined as either tangible, having physical substance, or intangible. Intangible assets are further classified as identifiable or non-identifiable. Ip generally falls within the ambit of the international accounting standard devoted entirely to intangible assets, IAS 38 and Egyptian and Accounting Standard No. 23 (Intangible Assets). It are from within this standards that the researcher examine accounting for IP. IAS 38 and Egyptian and Accounting Standard No. 23 (Intangible Assets) have created significant changes in the way companies account for their intangibles. By their very nature intangibles are both difficult to define and measure. As companies increasingly have their value based on intangible assets, the issues surrounding definition and measurement have become increasingly important. In follow the Objective and the summary of IAS 38 Intangible Assets in 2004.and Egyptian accounting standard number 23 in 2006: Objective : To prescribe the accounting treatment for recognising, measuring, and disclosing all intangible assets that are not dealt with specifically in another IFRS. Summary : Requires an entity to recognise an intangible asset, whether purchased or self-created, if: - it is probable that the future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the entity, and - the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. • Additional recognition criteria for internally generated intangible assets. • All research costs are charged to expense when incurred. • Development costs are capitalised only after technical and commercial feasibility of the resulting product or service have been established. • Intangible assets, including in-process research and development (IPR&D), acquired in a business combination should be recognised separately from goodwill if they arise as a result of contractual or legal rights or are separable from the business. • Internally-generated goodwill, brands, mastheads, publishing titles, customer lists, start-up costs, training costs, advertising costs and relocation costs should not be recognised as assets. • If an intangible item does not meet both the definition and the recognition criteria for an intangible asset, expenditure on the item isrecognised as an expense when it iincurred, except if the cost is incurred as part of a purchase business combination, in which case it should form part of the amount attributed to goodwill at the date of acquisition. • For the purpose of accounting subsequent to initial acquisition, intangible assets are classified as: - Indefinite life: No foreseeable limit to the period over which the asset is expected to generate net cash inflows for the entity. ‘Indefinite’ does not mean ‘infinite’. - Finite life: A limited period of benefit to the entity. • Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortised but must be tested for impairment at each reporting date. If recoverable amount is lower than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognised. The assessment must also consider whether the intangible continues to have an indefinite life. • Generally, the cost (residual value is normally zero) of an intangible asset with a finite useful life is amortised over that life. If the intangible asset has a quoted market price in an active market, an accounting policy choice of a revaluation model is permitted. Under the revaluation model, the asset is carried at revalued amount, which is fair value at revaluation date less subsequent depreciation. • Normally, subsequent expenditure on an intangible asset after its purchase or completion is recognised as an expense. Only rarely can the asset recognition criteria be met. Intellectual property is more important than ever before, and it is more at risk from infringement and dilution In the global information age, intellectual property is becoming nearly as valuable to businesses as more traditional assets. Whether it is the design of a new computer chip, a worldwide beverage brand, or a hit movie, intellectual property its development, utilization, and protection-can mean the difference between business success and business failure. The basic building blocks of intellectual property are : Copyright and Related Rights, Trademarks, Geographical indications, Industrial Designs, Patents, Layout-Design (Topographies) of integrated Circuits, Protection of Undisclosed Information, Control of Anti-Competitive Practices in Contracutal Licences . What does each one protect? How is this protection obtained? Who owns these rights? How are these rights recognized? What its special accounting . The Results : 1- Intellectual property is the short-hand term that is used to denote legal rights in products of the mind. This embraces the fields of copyright, patent, trademark, trade secrets, unfair competition, and other legal labels. Each field is quite distinct in many important respects. 2- A tangible asset can be possessed exclusively by physical security against access by thire parties, exclusive possession of intangible assets is problematic. In order to solve this problem, the law, through the granting of intellectual property rights, provides a means of legal security. Intellectual property rights refer to legal entitlements held by legal entities (individuals or companies) that are enforceable under law against other legal entities. Recognizing that intellectual property rights can be 'owned' and have 'value' in the modern globalised economy necessitates accounting regimes where values are measured and reported and ownership acknowledged. However not all IRR are recognized as intangible assets and conversely some intangible assets which are considered IP are not recognized as IPR by law . 3- There are some intellectual property rights (IPR) that have limited legal old and others that have unlimited legal old. 4- There is no special accounting standard to accounting for IPR because of its special advantages more than other intellectual assets. 5- The suggested accounting framework consists of : A- Accounting assumption : - separate entity assumption . - Continuity or going concern assumption . - Unit of measure assumption . - Buying force change assumption . - Entity Governance assumption . - Entity ethical assumption . B- Accounting Principles : - The objectivity Principle . - The revenue realization Principle . - The faire value Principle . - The matching Principle . - The transparency in disclosure Principle . - The consistency Principle . - The conservatism Principle . - The materiality Principle C- Suggested model for measurement of IPR. D- Suggested model for disclosure of IPR in financial statements . The Documents : 1- The care and interesting of measuring the intellectual property assets efficiency . 2- The care and interesting of issuing the special accounting standard concerned to IPR .